WebJan 26, 2024 · Channel Estimation for Extremely Large-Scale MIMO: Far-Field or Near-Field? Abstract: Extremely large-scale multiple-input-multiple-output (XL-MIMO) is promising to meet the high rate requirements for future 6G. To realize efficient precoding, accurate channel state information is essential. The near field and far field are regions of the electromagnetic (EM) field around an object, such as a transmitting antenna, or the result of radiation scattering off an object. Non-radiative near-field behaviors dominate close to the antenna or scattering object, while electromagnetic radiation far-field … See more In a normally-operating antenna, positive and negative charges have no way of leaving the metal surface, and are separated from each other by the excitation "signal" voltage (a transmitter or other EM exciting … See more Solving Maxwell's equations for the electric and magnetic fields for a localized oscillating source, such as an antenna, surrounded by a homogeneous material (typically vacuum or air), yields fields that, far away, decay in proportion to $${\displaystyle 1/r}$$ where … See more 1. ^ Amplitude fall-off is not to be confused with the power fall-off; power falls off as the amplitude squared. See more • George F. Leydorf, U.S. Patent 3,278,937, Antenna near field coupling system. 1966. • Grossi et al., U.S. Patent 3,445,844, Trapped Electromagnetic Radiation Communication System. 1969. • U.S. Patent 3,461,453, Reducing-Noise With Dual-Mode … See more The separation of the electric and magnetic fields into components is mathematical, rather than clearly physical, and is based on the relative rates at which the amplitude of … See more The near field itself is further divided into the reactive near field and the radiative near field. The reactive and radiative near-field designations are also a function of wavelength (or distance). However, these boundary regions are a fraction of one wavelength within … See more Local effects • Fraunhofer diffraction for more on the far field • Fresnel diffraction for more on the near field • Inductive heating of ferrous metals See more
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